Experimental (FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra) and Theoretical (Ab initio/HF, DFT/B3LYP) Study of 2-Amino-5-Chloropyridine and 2-Amino-6-Chloropyridine

The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and FT-Raman spectra of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine (2A5CP) and 2-amino-6-chloropyridine (2A6CP) have been recorded in the regions 4000–400 cm-1 and 4000–100 cm-1, respectively. The observed FT-IR and FT-Raman data, a complete vibrational assignment and analysis of the fundamental modes of the compounds were carried out. All the geometrical parameters have been calculated by HF and DFT (B3LYP) methods with 6-311++G (d, p) basis set. The vibrational wavenumbers, IR intensities and Raman activities are calculated at the same theory levels used in geometry optimization. The calculated frequencies are scaled and compared with experimental values. The scaled B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) results show the best agreement with the experimental values. The calculated HOMO–LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs in the molecules. Keywords: FT-IR, FT-Raman, ab initio, DFT, 2-amino-5-chloropyridine, 2-amino-6-chloropyridine

DOUBLE PERFORATED IMPINGEMENT PLATE (DPIP) IN SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

This paper presents a solution to a chronic problem causing repeated tube failure at shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The problem is related to fouling process on tubes surface which accumulates downstream the impingement plate at exchanger inlet nozzle within the first tube rows due to low velocity and vortices production. In fouling services, the suspended deposits, fouling, accumulates on tubes surface downstream the impingement plate causing under-deposit corrosion and raising tubes surface temperature due to lack of cooling accelerating fouling process. Under fouling corrosion attacks tubes and causes repeated tube failure costing a lot of money in terms of material, maintenance and production losses. Normal practice of extending tubes life and delaying their failure is to upgrade the tubes metallurgy. So this paper objective is to present an economical solution option through modifying the impingement plate in shell-and-tube heat exchangers where impingement plate is recommended by Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, TEMA. The impingement modification is to replace the solid conventional impingement plate with double spaced plates having offset holes, called Double Perforated Impingement Plate (DPIP). The objective of this work can be met through simulate and compare shell side inlet flow distribution around the conventional and modified impingement plate, DPIP, and insuring of enhancing the flow pattern distribution at the area behind impingement plate. Since experimental work in flow investigation can be time consuming and costly, computational fluid dynamics, CFD, fluent software was implemented as a cost effective helpful tool to conduct the simulation and comparison purpose. The modified impingement plate, DPIP, will destroy vortices created behind the conventional plate retarding fouling accumulation principal. DPIP will enhance shell side flow distribution downstream the impingement plate and stop fouling accumulation on the tubes to prevent under-deposit corrosion

The Impact of Property Management on the Value of Residential Product in Saudi Arabia

This paper discusses the impact of property management in maintaining the value of residential product in Saudi Arabia. The paper reviewed a comparison of two property models: the first is managed by the property management system, and the second is managed by the owner only. In addition, the field questionnaire was used and distributed to a sample of the study community consisting of 125 real estate management institutions and real estate office in Riyadh. The results of the analysis indicate that property management contributes to raising the quality of the residential product and maintaining its market value. The residential product which managed by the property management system loses 10% of its value after 5 years. On the other hand, the product that managed by the owner loses more than 50% of its real value after 5 years. The paper proposes to strengthen cooperation between governmental and private institutions to establish a Real Estate Data Center (REDC) for the classification of residential properties subject to the criteria of management, quality and economic cost

Fear of the Unknown among Normal People, People with Psychological Disorders, and People with Organic Disorders in the Light of Some Demographic Variables

The present paper aimed to determine the fear of the unknown among normal people, people with psychological disorders, and people with organic disorders in the light of some demographic variables. The authors adopted the descriptive-comparative method and developed and applied a three-domain questionnaire to a randomly selected sample of (942) participants. The results showed that the people with psychological disorders suffer from fear of the unknown more than normal people and people with organic disorders at a significance level of (0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the different categories of psychological disorders (including generalized anxiety disorder, depression, panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobia) in contrast with the organic diseases, in which cardiac and respiratory diseases were at a greater risk of being afraid of the unknown more than those with diabetes, blood pressure, and thyroid. The paper recommends conducting further studies on the concept of fear of the unknown in the Arab countries and adopting fear of the unknown as a psychological intervention for people with psychological disorders and people with cardiac and respiratory diseases

Evaluation of Maternal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status and Its Association with Birth Outcomes

The present study examines the potential role of the Maternal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid profile in fetal growth by investigating the association between maternal concentrations of these fatty acids in the gestation stage and birth outcome measures (birth weight, birth length, and head circumference at birth). The study covered (255) women with a mean age of 29.22 ± 5.29 years. Half of them had a Bachelor’s degree or higher, and most of them were unemployed. The author used a questionnaire for data collection. The level of fatty acids was not correlated with pregnancy outcomes such as weight, height, and head circumference. A significant positive correlation between total MUFAs and gestational age was established. There was a positive correlation between the level of total n-3 PUFA and gestational weight gain. There was also a positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and the amount of fish consumed during pregnancy. However, no correlation was found between the consumption of fish and pregnancy outcomes. This study has demonstrated preliminary results regarding the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes that can help evaluate the current or future pregnancy preventative programs when planning reproductive health programs

Long term visual outcomes in laser treated threshold retinopathy of prematurity in Central Saudi Arabia

AbstractPurposeTo assess the long term visual outcomes and refractive status of patients who underwent diode laser for threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and to investigate the risk factors leading to poor visual outcomes.MethodsFifty-seven patients (114 eyes) with threshold ROP who underwent laser therapy were contacted for reassessment. A chart review was performed for all patients to collect data on visual acuity, retinal status and strabismus. A favorable visual outcome was defined as ⩾20/160 (Snellen acuity) for young adults (cooperative patients), and ⩾CSM for children (uncooperative patients) while unfavorable visual outcome was defined as <20/160 or <CSM. Vision in uncooperative children was graded as central, steady, maintain. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted. Chi2 and odds ratios were calculated whenever appropriate. A P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsThe mean age at reassessment was 5.2±2.5years (range, 1–10years) where 36 (63.2%) patients were males and 21 (36.8%) were females. Out Of the 114 laser treated eyes, 73 (64%) were myopic, with mean spherical equivalent (SE) of −6.69 (5.9), range (−0.25 to −21) diaopters, 8 (7%) were emmetrope, while other 33 (29%) were hyperopic with mean SE of +2.43 (3.04), range (+0.25 to +17) diaopters. Strabismus was present in 31 patients (54.4%) of whom 81% (25/31) were esotropic. Retina was found to be normal in 77.1% of the examined eyes, while the remaining eyes had either macular dragging or retinal detachment. Almost 70% of the eyes with a normal retinal examination had favorable visual outcome. Thirteen (11.4%) eyes had zone 1 retinopathy, 83 (72.8%) eyes had zone 2 retinopathy and 2 (1.8%) eyes had zone 3 retinopathy. Vitreous hemorrhage was present in 7 (6.1%) eyes prior to laser treatment. The relationship between final retinal status and visual outcome was statistically significant (P<0.0001). There was no statistically significant correlation between visual outcome and the zone of the retinopathy (P=0.448).ConclusionThe majority of patients who underwent diode laser therapy for threshold ROP had favorable anatomical and visual outcomes. However, high refractive error and strabismus may be clinically the pertinent causes of visual impairment

Evaluation of Maternal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status and Its Association with Birth Outcomes

The present study examines the potential role of the Maternal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid profile in fetal growth by investigating the association between maternal concentrations of these fatty acids in the gestation stage and birth outcome measures (birth weight, birth length, and head circumference at birth). The study covered (255) women with a mean age of 29.22 ± 5.29 years. Half of them had a Bachelor’s degree or higher, and most of them were unemployed. The author used a questionnaire for data collection. The level of fatty acids was not correlated with pregnancy outcomes such as weight, height, and head circumference. A significant positive correlation between total MUFAs and gestational age was established. There was a positive correlation between the level of total n-3 PUFA and gestational weight gain. There was also a positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and the amount of fish consumed during pregnancy. However, no correlation was found between the consumption of fish and pregnancy outcomes. This study has demonstrated preliminary results regarding the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes that can help evaluate the current or future pregnancy preventative programs when planning reproductive health programs

Choleoeimeria bunopusi sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) Infecting the Gall Bladder of the Tuberculated Gecko Bunopus tuberculatus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Saudi Arabia

Choleoeimeria bunopusi sp. n. is described from the gall bladder of the tuberculated gecko Bunopus tuberculatus in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of infection was 13.3% (2/15). Oocysts were ellipsoidal and measured 31 (30–33) × 21 (20–22) μm. Sporocysts were dizoic, elliptical in shape and measured 12 (11–13) × 7 (6–8) μm. The endogenous development was confined to the gall bladder epithelium. The hypertrophic parasitized biliary epithelium either remained in one layer or became stratified. Meronts, gamonts, and young oocysts were detected

Human leukemia cells (HL-60) proteomic and biological signatures underpinning cryo-damage are differentially modulated by novel cryo-additives

Cryopreservation is a routinely used methodology for prolonged storage of viable cells. The use of cryo-protective agents (CPAs) such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, or trehalose is paramount to reducing cellular cryo-injury, but their effectiveness is still limited. The current study focuses on establishing and modulating the proteomic and the corresponding biological profiles associated with the cryo-injury of human leukemia (HL-60) cells cryopreserved in DMSO alone or DMSO +/-novel CPAs (e. g., nigerose [Nig] or salidroside [Sal]). Findings: To reduce cryo-damage, HL-60 cells were cultured prior and post cryopreservation in malondialdehyde Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium-1640 media +/- Nig or Sal. Shotgun proteomic analysis showed significant alterations in the levels of proteins in cells cryopreserved in Nig or Sal compared to DMSO. Nig mostly affected cellular metabolism and energy pathways, whereas Sal increased the levels of proteins associated with DNA repair/duplication, RNA transcription, and cell proliferation. Validation testing showed that the proteome profile associated with Sal was correlated with a 2.8-fold increase in cell proliferative rate. At the functional level, both Nig and Sal increased glutathione reductase (0.0012 +/- 6.19E-05 and 0.0016 +/- 3.04E-05 mU/mL, respectively) compared to DMSO controls (0.0003 +/- 3.7E-05 mU/mL) and reduced cytotoxicity by decreasing lactate dehydrogenase activities (from -2.5 to -4.75 fold) and lipid oxidation (-1.6 fold). In contrast, only Nig attenuated protein carbonylation or oxidation. Conclusions: We have identified key molecules and corresponding functional pathways underpinning the effect of cryopreservation (+/- CPAs) of HL-60 cells. We also validated the proteomic findings by identifying the corresponding biological profiles associated with promoting an anti-oxidative environment post cryopreservation. Nig or Sal in comparison to DMSO showed differential or additive effects in regard to reducing cryo-injury and enhancing cell survival/proliferation post thaw. These results can provide useful insight to cryo-damage and the design of enhanced cryomedia formulation83CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP460 289/2014–42014/14 881–1; 2013/0 8711–3; 2014/10 068–4This work was supported by the King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology research fund. J.S.C. and D.,M.S. are funded by FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation, grants 2014/14 881–1, 2013/0 8711–3, and 2014/10 068–4) and CNPq (the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, grant 460 289/2014–4